Name: Ian Cole

Theme: Upper GI Pathology

OPTION LIST

A	Reflux oesophagitis	I	Helicobacter pylori
B	Pernicious anaemia	J	Gastric cancer
C	Adenocarcinoma	K	Duodenal ulceration
D	Oesophageal varices	L	Intestinal metaplasia
E	Chronic gastritis	M	Squamous carcinoma
F	Barrett’s oesophagus	N
G	Gastric ulcer	O
H	Haematemesis	P

For each scenario below, choose the most appropriate answer from the list above. Each option may be used once, more than once or not at all.

1. A condion in which the normal squamous epithelial lining the oesophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium because of damage caused by gastro –oesophageal reflux or oesophagitis. The condition may be associated with an ulcer, and the epithelium has an abnormally high likelihood of undergoing malignant change.

2. Caused by the action of acid and pepsin on the duodenal mucosa. Associated with increased output of stomach acid. Symptoms include pain in the upper abdomen, especially when the stomach is empty.

3. The result of failure to produce intrinsic factor, and the subsequent reduction in the absorption of B₁₂ from the bowel. Characterised by the defective production of red blood cells and the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow.

4. Dilated veins in the lower oesophagus due to portal hypertension. These may rupture, leading to life threatening haematemesis. Bleeding may be stopped by a compression balloon, sclerotherapy, or applying elastic bands via an endoscope.

5. A genus of spiral flagellated Gram negative bacteria. Found in the stomach within the mucosa layer. It occurs in the majority of middle-aged people and causes progressive gastritis. Invariably present in duodenal ulceration and usually in gastric ulceration.

ANSWERS

1. F

2. K

3. B

4. D

5. I